What Is Molecular Mass - Chemistry Glossary

In chemistry, there are different types of mass. Often, the terms are called weight rather than mass and used interchangeably. A good example is molecular mass or molecular weight. Molecular Mass Definition Molecular mass is a number equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule. The molecular mass gives the mass of a molecule relative to that of the 12C atom, which is taken to have a mass of 12. Molecular mass is a dimensionless quantity, but it is given the unit Dalton or atomic mass unit as a means of indicating the mass is relative to 1/12th the mass of a single atom of carbon-12. Also Known As Molecular mass is also called molecular weight. Because the mass is relative to carbon-12, its more correct to call the value relative molecular mass. A related term is molar mass, which is the mass of 1 mol of a sample. Molar mass is given in units of grams. Sample Molecular Mass Calculation Molecular mass may be calculated by taking the atomic mass of each element present and multiplying it by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. Then, the number of atoms of each element is added together. For example. to find the molecular mass of methane, CH4, the first step is to look up the atomic masses of carbon C and hydrogen H using a periodic table: carbon atomic mass 12.011hydrogen atomic mass 1.00794 Because there is no subscript following the C, you know there is only one carbon atom present in methane. The subscript 4 following the H means there are four atoms of hydrogen in the compound. So, adding up the atomic masses, you get: methane molecular mass sum of carbon atomic masses sum of hydrogen atomic masses methane molecular mass 12.011 (1.00794)(4) methane atomic mass 16.043 This value may be reported as a decimal number or as 16.043 Da or 16.043 amu. Note the number of significant digits in the final value. The correct answer uses the smallest number of significant digits in the atomic masses, which in this case is the number in the atomic mass of carbon. The molecular mass of C2H6 is approximately 30 or [(2 x 12) (6 x 1)]. Therefore the molecule is about 2.5 times as heavy as the 12C atom or about the same mass as the NO atom with a molecular mass of 30 or (1416). Problems Calculating Molecular Mass While its possible to calculate molecular mass for small molecules, its problematic for polymers and macromolecules because they are so large and may not have a uniform formula throughout their volume. For proteins and polymers, experimental methods may be used to obtain an average molecular mass. Techniques used for this purpose include crystallography, static light scattering, and viscosity measurements.

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that...

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Philosophy is a general overview of how our society functions, by how we think and the many ways in which we act. It can also be described as the love of wisdom. As individuals we are introduced to ideas that test our knowledge of the different concepts of life, with questions such as who are we and why were we brought here? Philosophical questions have made an impact on us with thoughts that dont usually have an answer to the question which was brought forward, and to which neither side knows the answer to. For thousands of years mankind has questioned the origins of human life and the nature of the cosmos. Over the years, great philosophers such†¦show more content†¦Philosophy is life, without it we would not be able to ask the questions, which are associated with the whole concept of philosophy; such as, is there a God? Morally, we are brought up to believe that God truly exists through religion, but how can we be so sure? It has been said that philosophy does not have a right or wrong answer, but could it be that we as a society did not search hard enough for the answer? Can we use logic as a tool for answering philosophic questions? Each person comes into this world with a reason, a purpose for living. Each person with their reason, their purpose for living in some way inevitably impacts the world in which he or she lives in. Like an oxygen molecule colliding with the millions of other different molecules, which make up our atmosphere, so too did the humblest, fragile Mother Theresa who changed the lives of hundreds of poor, third world citizens across this globe. Behind our nurtured souls, it is our biological human nature to question and ponder our existence and surroundings. However, only when a catastrophe of some sort occurs, do we realize how precious life is. Or when your plan to become valedictorian somehow does not avail, do we turn to God and ask why? Rarely ever do we contemplate our achievements and give thanks to what we already possess. Living in a multicultural world, with many different people, religions, and philosophies, methods for achieving theShow MoreRelatedReligion, Philosophy, and Scientific Thinking Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesReligion, Philosophy, and Scientific Thinking During the seventeenth century, many philosophers formulated new ideas that would consequently change the beliefs of the common man. The thinkers of the Renaissance Period have the way 17th Century man to the current world. In short, the world viewed religion, philosophy, and science in a very different way by the end of the seventeenth century because of these great philosophers. 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Introduction of E-commerce Free Essays

string(108) " all the way back to raw material production, creating inventory shortages at any stage of the value chain\." Commerce (the trading of goods) has been a major impetus for human survival since the beginning of recorded history and beyond. The mass adoption of the Internet has created a paradigm shift in the way businesses are conducted today. The past decade has seen the emergence of a new kind of commerce: e-commerce, the buying and selling of goods through human-computer interaction over the Internet. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction of E-commerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traditional physical trading of goods and currency is becoming increasingly unpopular and more businesses are Jumping on the e-commerce bandwagon. Today, the line between e-commerce and traditional commerce is becoming more blurred as more businesses start and continue to integrate the Internet and e-commerce technologies into their business processes. 1. 2 DEFINITION OF E-COMMERCE The e-commerce can be defined as a modern business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, merchants, and consumers to cut costs while improving the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery, by using Internet. It differs from the traditional electronic commerce (e-commerce) in he way that it enables the trading of goods, money and information electronically from computer to computer. Business is done electronically and there is no longer a need for physical currency or goods to conduct business. 1. 3 EVOLUTION OF E-COMMERCE Evolution of e-commerce can be attributed to a combination of regulatory reform and technological innovation. Though Internet (which played an important role in evolution) appeared in the late sass, e-commerce of today took off with the arrival of World Wide Web and browsers in early sass. The liberalizing of the electrification sector and innovations such as optic fiber, DSL etc. (which has helped to expand the volume and capacity of communications) have helped in the process of that rapid growth. As a result the barriers to entry and engage in e- commerce have fallen rapidly. A brief timeline of evolution is as follows: 2 E-COMMERCE 1. 4 1969 Internet/Apparent 1989 WWW HTML invented at CERN 1991 NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of Internet 1993 Mosaic browser invented at University of Illinois, Urbana Champagne, is released to public 1994 Netscape releases Navigator browser 1995 Dell, Cisco, Amazon etc. Gang aggressively to use Internet for commercial transactions The growth of Internet has a special significance in the growth of e-commerce. It has the potential to involve general people into the process thereby increasing its reach far beyond large companies. CONDUCTING BUSINESS ONLINE (E-COMMERCE) Doing business online is electronic commerce, and there are four main areas in which companies conduct business online today: 2. 3. 4. Direct marketing, selling, and services. Online banking and billing. Secure distribution of information. Value-chain trading and corporate purchasing. 4. 1 Direct Marketing, Selling, and Services Today, more websites focus on direct marketing, selling, and services than on any other type of electronic commerce. Direct selling was the earliest type of electronic commerce, and has proven to be a stepping-stone to more complex commerce operations for many companies. Successes such as Amazon. Com, Barnes and Noble, Dell Computer, and the introduction of e-tickets by major airlines, have catcalled the growth of this segment, proving the reach and customer acceptance of the Internet. 1. 4. 2 Financial and Information Services A broad range of financial and information services are performed over the Internet today, and sites that offer them are enjoying rapid growth. These sites are popular because they help consumers, businesses of all sizes, and financial institutions distribute some of their most important information over the Internet with greater convenience and richness that is available using other channels. For example, you have: ; Online banking Online billing Secure information distribution 1. 4. 2. 1 Online Banking Consumers and small businesses can save time and money by doing their banking n the Internet. Paying bills, making transfers between accounts, and trading stocks, bonds, and mutual funds can all be performed electronically by using the Internet to connect consumers and small businesses with their financial institutions. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE-?TECHNOLOGY AND PROSPECTS 3 1. 4. 2. 2 online Billing Companies whose bill can achieve significant cost savings and marketing benefits through the use of Internet-based bill-delivery and receiving systems. Today, consumers receive an average of 23 bills per month by mail from retailers, credit card companies, and utilities. 1. 4. 2. Secure Information Distribution To many businesses, information is their most valuable asset. Although the Internet can enable businesses to reach huge new markets for that information, businesses must also safeguard that information to protect their assets. Digital Rights Management provides protection for intellectual and information property, and is a key technology to secure information distribution. 1. 4. 3 Maintenance, Repair, and Operations (MR.) The Internet also offers tremendous time and cost savings for corporate purchasing of low-cost, high-volume goods for maintenance, repair, and operations (MR.) activities. Typical MR. goods include office supplies (such as pens and paper), office equipment and furniture, computers, and replacement parts. The Internet can transform corporate purchasing from a labor and paperwork-intensive process into a self-service application. Company employees can order equipment on websites, company officials can automatically enforce purchase approval and policies through automated business rules, and suppliers can keep their catalog information centralized and up-to-date. Purchase order applications can then use the Internet to transfer the order to suppliers. In response, suppliers can ship the requested goods and invoice the company over the Internet. In addition to reduced administrative costs, Internet-based corporate purchasing can improve order-tracking accuracy, better enforce purchasing policies, provide better customer and supplier service, reduce inventories, and give companies more power in negotiating exclusive or volumetrically contracts. In other words, the Internet and e-business have changed the way enterprises serve customers and compete with each other, and have heightened awareness for competing supply chains. 1. 4. 4 Value-Chain Integration No other business model highlights the need for tight integration across suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors quite like the value chain. Delays in inventory tracking and management can ripple from the cash register all the way back to raw material production, creating inventory shortages at any stage of the value chain. You read "Introduction of E-commerce" in category "Papers" The resulting out-of-stock events can mean lost business. The Internet promises to increase business efficiency by reducing reporting delays and increasing reporting accuracy. Speed is clearly the business imperative for the value chain. 1. 5 ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING ELECTRONIC COMMERCE Although it is simple to describe their benefits, it is not nearly as easy to develop and deploy commerce systems. Companies can face significant implementation issues: ; Cost Value 4 Security Leveraging existing systems Interoperability 1. 5. 1 cost Electronic commerce requires significant investments in new technologies that can touch many of a company’s core business processes. As with all major business systems, electronic commerce systems require significant investments in hardware, software, staffing, and training. Businesses need comprehensive solutions with greater ease-of-use to help foster cost-effective deployment. 5. 2 value Businesses want to know that their investments in electronic commerce systems will produce a return. Business objectives such as lead generation, business-process automation, and cost reduction must be met. Systems used to reach these goals need to be flexible enough to change when the business changes. 1. 5. 3 security The Internet provides un iversal access, but companies must protect their assets against accidental or malicious misuse. System security, however, must not create prohibitive complexity or reduce flexibility. Customer information also needs to be protected from internal and external misuse. Privacy systems should safeguard the personal information critical to building sites that satisfy customer and business needs. 1. 5. 4 Leveraging Existing Systems Most companies already use information technology (IT) to conduct business in unlettered environments, such as marketing, order management, billing, inventory, distribution, and customer service. The Internet represents an alternative and complementary way to do business, but it is imperative that electronic commerce systems integrate existing systems in a manner that avoids duplicating functionality and maintains usability, performance, and reliability. 5. 5 Interoperability When systems from two or more businesses are able to exchange documents without manual intervention, businesses achieve cost reduction, improved performance, and more dynamic value chains. Failing to address any of these issues can spell failure for a system’s implementation effort. Therefore, your company’s commerce strategy should be de signed to address all these issues to help customers achieve the benefits of electronic commerce. Your company’s vision for electronic commerce should also be to help businesses establish stronger relationships with customers and industry partners. For example, a successful strategy for delivering this vision is described by three work-flow elements (platform, portal, and industry partners), each backed by comprehensive technology, product, and service offerings. 5 From self-service portals to transaction processing, a successful work-flow strategy can be the underlying engine delivering state-based, processed-focused control services for e-business applications. Human labor is expensive, and work-flow technology allows e-businesses to supplement, and in some cases eliminate, reliance on human supervision and intervention. . 6 HOW DO YOU WORK WITH E-COMMERCE? E-commerce is about setting your business on the Internet, allowing visitors to access your website, and go through a virtual catalog of your products/services online. When a visitor wants to buy something he/she likes, they merely â€Å"add† it to their virtual shopping basket. Items in the virtual shopping basket can be added or deleted, and when you’re all set to checkout, you head to the virtual checkout counter, which has your complete total, and that will ask you for your name, address etc. ND method of payment (usually via credit card). Once you have entered all this information (which y the way is being transmitted securely) you can then Just wait for delivery. 1. 7 COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL COMMERCE AND E-COMMERCE In many cases business processes use traditional commerce activities very effectively, and these processes cannot be improved upon through technology. Products that buyers prefer to touch, smell, or examine closely are difficult to sell using electronic commerce. For example, customers might be reluctant to buy high-fashion clothing and perishable food products, such as meat or produce, if they cannot examine the products closely before agreeing to purchase them. In the case of traditional commerce retail merchants have years of experience in creating store environments that help convince a customer to buy. This combination of store design, layout and product display knowledge is called merchandising. Sales people in course of time develop skills that allow them to identify customer needs and find products and services that meet those needs. The arts of merchandising and personal selling can be difficult to practice over an electronic link. Through commerce branded products such as books or CDC can be easily sold. As one copy of a new book is identical to there copies and because a customer would not be concerned about freshness he would willingly order a title without examining the specific copy they would receive. The advantage of electronic commerce, namely the ability of one site to offer a wider selection of titles than even the largest physical bookstore, can outweigh the advantage of a traditional bookstore, namely the facility to browse. Some examples of business processes are listed in the following table that suit to the e-commerce and traditional commerce respectively. Business processes well-suited to: Electronic commerce Traditional commerce ; Sale/purchase of books and CDC Sale/purchase of high-fashion clothing ; Online delivery of software ; Sale/purchase of perishable food products ; Advertising and promotion of travel services ; Small-denomination transactions ; Online tracking of shipments ; Sale of expensive Jewelry and antiques 6 1. 8 E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES What technologies are necessary for e-commerce? The short answer is that most information technologies and Internet technologies that we discuss throughout the book are involved in e-commerce systems, biz. – Customers must be provided with a range of secure information, marketing, transaction, processing, and payment services. Trading and business partners rely on Internet and extranets to exchange information and accomplish secure transactions; including electronic data interchange (DE’) and other supply chain and financial systems and databases. Company employees depend on a variety of Internet and intranet resources to communicate and collaborate in support of their SEC work activities. . 9 The Internet, intranets, and extranets are the network infrastructure or foundation of e-commerce. Information system professionals and end users can use a variety of software tools to develop and manage the content and operations of the websites and other SEC sources of a company. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF E-COMMERCE Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall, demanding lower process, better quality, a large selection of in-season goods. Retailers are scrambling to fill the order. They are slashing back-office costs, reducing profit margins, reducing cycle times, buying more wisely, and making huge investments in technology. They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouse costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply patterns. In the push to reduce prices, more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers, in part because of cheaper labor costs. The effect of e-commerce can also be seen over the retail industry and marketing. 1. 9. 1 E-commerce and Retail Industry Retailers are in the immediate line of fire and are first to bear the brunt of cost cutting. They are putting that pressure on the manufacturing and supplier end of the pipeline. At the same time, the quest for efficiencies has led to turmoil and consolidation within the retail industry. The pressure experienced by retailers and suppliers can be seen in the disappearance of Jobs, in mergers, and in the increase in business failures in the manufacturing sector. The problems are indeed serious. Electronic markets could provide a partial solution by promising customers more convenience and merchants greater efficiency and interactivity with suppliers to revivalist the troubled retailing sector. . 9. 2 E-commerce and Marketing Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing (isolating and focusing on a segment of the population), relationship marketing (building and sustaining a long-term relationship with existing and potential 7 customers), and even event marketing (setting up a virtual booth where interested people come and visi t). Consider the case of conventional direct marketers, who devote some 25 percent of their revenues to such costs as printing and postages for catalogs. Interactive marketing could help cut such expenses and may even deliver better results. Interactive marketing is accomplished in electronic markets via interactive multimedia catalogs that give the same look and feel as a shopping channel. Users find moving images more appealing than still images and listening more appealing than reading text on screen. Those are two powerful reasons why every text-based and still-picture-based interactive experimental-based service has ever generated anywhere near the volume of retail merchandise orders that televised shopping channels have achieved. Maximum public acceptance will require that interactive catalog services have a more entertaining visual appearance than traditional text-intensive catalogs have had. Ideally, an interactive shopping program should produce full-motion demonstrations of selected products, but such a practical and economical technology has yet to be developed. 1. 10 INCENTIVES FOR ENGAGING IN E-COMMERCE A basic fact of Internet retailing is that all retail websites are created equal as far as he â€Å"location, location, location† imperative of success in retailing is concerned. No site is any closer to its web customers and competitors offering similar goods and services may be only a mouse click away. This makes it vital that businesses find ways to build customer satisfaction, loyalty, and relationships, so customers keep coming back to their web stores. Thus, the key to e-commerce success is to optimize several key factors such as selection and value, performance and service efficiency, the look and feel of the site, advertising and incentives to purchase, personal attention, immunity relationships, and security and reliability. The incentives for engaging in e-commerce are listed as follows: Selection and Value. Attractive product selections, competitive prices, satisfaction guarantees, and customer support after the sale. Performance and Service. Fast, easy navigation, shopping, and purchasing, and prompt shipping and delivery. Look and Feel. Attractive web storefront, website shopping areas, multimedia product catalog pages, and shopping features. Advertising and Incentives. Targeted web-page advertising and e-mail promotions, discounts and special offers, including advertising at affiliate sites. Personal Attention. Personal web pages, personalized product recommendations, web advertising, and e-mail notices, and interactive support for all customers. How to cite Introduction of E-commerce, Papers

Accounting and Auditing Research Tools and Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Accounting and Auditing Research for Tools and Strategies. Answer: Introduction Cash Converters International Limitedis a company registered in Australia which provides services of pawnbroking as well as providing small loans to needy customers. It also operates in US, UK and South Africa etc. the Company began its operations in 1984 from Perth, Western Australia and soon spread its wing to many other cities. The services are generally limited to retail buying and selling, pawnbroking and providing small scale financial loans. The Cash Converter Limited also engaged in Buyback agreements. However, this was only made available in its UK operations. Under this service, a customer would sell an item which has monetary value at a cash converter outlet and then would be eligible to buyback the same item by paying the amount borrowed plus a fee. At present, it is estimated that the fee is approximately 32.5% and the same is considered quite high. Analysis of the issue, faced by Cash Converters under the relevant ethical theories, and code of ethics for professional accountants. Apayday loanis a kind of loan which is given to an individual who wants to avail the same like a salary loan or a cash advance. In most cases the loan is linked to the borrowers payment day. These loans are unsecured and thus has great amount of risk to the lender. Cash converter company is one of the biggest payday lenders in Australia. In Australia, the regulations prevent any lender to charge in excess of 48% APR on such short duration loans. However, in general the prevailing rates vary between 36% to 40%(Hargovan, 2014). In one instance a low-income woman form Victoria was issued 23 payday loans and also granted 76 pawnbroking agreements by the company in between 2013-2015 and under those agreements the low-income woman as required to pay interest which ranged from 360% APR to 420% APR. in general many payday and pawnbroking loans issued by Cash Converters were found to be violating responsible regulations of lending and inflicted uncalled for hardship on unsuspecting borrowers in Australia and elsewhere(Weirich, 2013). There were concerns amid reports that despite widespread reporting and an investigation by the ASIC into the matter the unethical practice of charging exorbitant interest and other fees continued by the Cash converter company. Unethical practices: Issued loans without verifying the customers ability to pay. The loans were issued again and again against existing norms. The company followed its own internal norms and ditched the regulatory requirements. This advocated a practice of over-indebtedness. As per reports of the NCA or the National Credit Act the issuance of loans to those who cant afford to pay amounts to reckless lending by the payday lenders including Cash Converters(Kane, 2015). Professional accountants are needed to be straight forward and full of integrity in communicating with the consumers and clients. Integrity in general implies being truthful to the client and indulge in fair dealing. A professional accountant is mandated to not indulge in communications which are believed to be or he / she has reasons to believe that such communication includes false information and hides required and material information. The professional accountants are also required to report information which they believe if omitted to be communicated would surely amount to misleading information. However, in the case of the cash converters pawnbroking and payday loans the integrity of the companys accountants were clearly breached and they failed to communicate the terms of the same to their clients and the regulators(Picker, 2015). Explain how this unethical practice was portrayed in the annual report of Cash Converters, and how the companys share price, was affected? After being subjected to an investigation regarding unethical practices adopted in lending to small scale borrowers by ASIC and settling for paying the class action suit by a payment of over $23 m the Lender company cash converter has decided to amortize an amount of $13m in the year 2015-2016. The amortization of the amount was provisioned to make way for any fines resulting from compliance issues. However, the ASIC investigation was criticized to be half baked as refunds of extra fees collected form borrowers were settled for those borrowers who borrowed form cash converter through online means and no refunds were issued to those who borrowed form their sores by physical means(Eisen, 2013). After investigations by the ASIC and payouts to more than 118,000 borrowers in a $11m approx. settlement and a further fine of $1.35m, the Cash converter company took steps to reduce unethical business practices in all lendings. This has reduced the companys profits in the first half of the 2016-2017 FY by 27% as against the previous years and profits form the personal loan segment fell by over 20% in the same period. However, during the previous years, the company registered considerable amount of growth in these segments. The company has attributed the lowering of the margins to lowering of the lending volumes possibly because more consumers are now aware of the higher interest charges and hidden fees in these short-term borrowings(Luenberger, 2012). The profits were higher on the back higher fees and interest charged by the company and this helped the companys stock prices to zoom in the past. Profits in the personal short term loan segment were much higher than what could possibly be earned through responsible lending and this impacted investor in the market. However, the stock prices in the last 6 months have shown considerable amount of decline. The stock prices of the company were higher at $1.30 as on 01-Sep-2013 but the same declined consistently in the last 4 years to reach a lower level of $.32 as of March 1, 2017. The volume of trading the companys stocks have declined as well. This shows that the companys capability to survive the crisis is being questioned by the investors(Kane, 2015). Discuss the social responsibility and sustainability of a financial institutions, in general and of Cash Converters, in particular. Payday lending in Australia was found to be a business model under which the borrowers and the consumers were not benefitted form the expansion of the market at all. Since July 2013, the payday lending has been capped under cost (48% maximum APR) but the same has not been able to deter the cash lenders or payday lenders form charging exorbitant fees form the unscrupulous borrowers. The research made by the Consumer Action Law Centre found that only 10% of the borrowers of cash as payday etc. are borrowing considering the charges and fees to be paid whereas the majority of the borrowers borrowed from a particular borrower because they found their location nearer to their homes and 17% approx. borrowed from the same lender from whom they have borrowed before. These data clearly demonstrate the fact that the borrowers on the street was unaware of the legal stipulations and the same was fully exploited by the lenders and charged as per their own policies and clearly violating all forms o f regulatory requirements(Consumer Action Law Centre , 2014). Consumer Action Law Centre also found in its research that with a rapid increase in the no of payday lenders in the Australian Market the borrowing rates were suppled to lower on the long term. However, from 1998 onwards it was found that despite a market increase in the no of lenders in the market the rates did not fall at all which was a sharp contrast to the market economics and the same was actually seen to have increased because of hidden charges and greed of the lenders like Cash Converter etc. Financial experts and consumer rights experts have argued in the recent past that the Cash Converters knowingly targeted those borrowers who had very little income and those who has very little knowledge of finance. These issuances of loans often indulge in aggressive marketing, blatant loan terms and creates a form of vicious loan and debt cycles which becomes very difficult to break by the borrowers in many case. The loan collection policies followed by Cash Converter was quite coerciv e as well. These behaviors practiced by cash converter was against not only unethical but also anti-social behavior and not desirable. It has also come to light during ASIC investigation that the terms of the loans was deliberately not told to the borrower until the loan terms becomes due(Hargovan, 2014). Conclusion Consumer Action Law Centre also found in its research that with a rapid increase in the no of payday lenders in the Australian Market the borrowing rates were suppled to lower on the long term. However, from 1998 onwards it was found that despite a market increase in the no of lenders in the market the rates did not fall at all which was a sharp contrast to the market economics and the same was actually seen to have increased because of hidden charges and greed of the lenders like Cash Converter etc(Lekakis, 2017). Cash Converter management have categorically stated in recent months that they have changed their model of doing business and adhered to regulatory principles. As a result, the no borrowers have increased online while the number of customers availing the services in stores have declined. However, those who are involved with investigation and litigation like the Consumer center for research have been skeptical of the commitment of the cash lending industry in adhering to and adopting a more responsible lending approach and not supporting over indebtedness(Atrill Eddie, 2012). While it is estimated that cash lending volumes exceed $1bn in a single financial year in Australia, the capacity and the willingness of the industry undertaking change of approach is still questionable and remains to be seen. Bibliography Atrill, P. Eddie, M., 2012. Accounting and Finance. 5th ed. LONDON: Prentice Hall Financial Times. Banister, J. D. . P., 2015. Austrlaian Financial Planning Handbook. Sydney : Thomson Reuters. Brearly, M. . A., 2012. Corporate finance. 9th ed. Chicago: McGraw Hill Irwin. Butler, C. M., 2015. Can CORPORATE Social RESPONSIBILITY Save Payday Lenders?. Rutgers University Journal of Law and Urban Policy, 1(3), pp. 119-133. Consumer Action Law Centre , 2014. 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