Franklin Roosevelt essays

Franklin Roosevelt papers Franklin Delano Roosevelt was conceived on January 30, 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. For his instruction he went to Groton, a renowned private academy in Massachusetts. Following this he went to Harvard where he earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in just three years. In the wake of procuring his degree he continued to examine law at Columbia University in New York City. He finished his BAR assessment and left Columbia without a law degree. In1910, he was chosen for the New York State Senate and in 1913; he surrendered this situation to become collaborator secretary of the Navy. In 1920, he was assigned to become Vice-President of the United States on the ticket of James M. Cox of Ohio. Notwithstanding, Republican Warren Harding won and Roosevelt came back to private life. In 1921, while traveling at Campobello Island, New Brunswick he contracted polio, and lost the utilization of his legs. In 1928, he was chosen Governor of New York. After his re-appointment in 1930, he started his battle for administration. In 1932, he won the selection and because of his lively crusading, he crushed Herbert Hoover by 7 million votes. In the months prior to his introduction the Great Depression was starting to intensify. During his initial 100 days, he worked with congress to pass enactment that would improve the countrys circumstance. He made a few associations that utilized youngsters, safeguarded bank stores, directed the securities exchange, sponsored home and homestead contract installments, and helped the jobless. Because of the fame of his enactment known as the New Deal, he was effectively reappointed to office in 1936. In any case, he before long confronted analysis and the Supreme Court started to feel that a portion of his strategies were unlawful. The court in the long run ruled for his enactment. These were destined to be not really important toward the beginning of World War II on September 1, 1939, when the German armed force attacked Poland. ... <! Franklin Roosevelt papers Franklin D. Roosevelt became President during the profundities of the Great Depression, the 32nd President had the option to impart his own quality and confirmation to a severely terrified American People. The nation needs and except if I botch its temper, the nation requests intense relentless experimentation!1 Franklin D. Roosevelt was a man of his words, he brought trust as guaranteed quick, fiery activity and helped the American individuals recover confidence in the administration and themselves. FDRs vivacious character enchanted heads of state as well as American voters too. During his twelve years he set up a bizarrely close affinity with the American individuals. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a certain man who dreaded nothing, as said in his debut address, The main thing we need to fear will be dread itself.2 Franklin Delano Roosevelt was conceived on the Hudson River home of Springwood in upstate New York on the 30th of January 1882. He was the lone offspring of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt. The family were rich landowners and regular excursions to Europe were not a remarkable thing in the Roosevelt family. FDRs childhood was very un-American as the family was exceptionally European orientated, from the age of five he was wearing a Murray Kit, a Scottish tribe with witch the Roosevelt family asserted a far off association. He was shown both Germen and French by his own private coaches and on his fourteenth birthday celebration his dad gave him a 21ft yacht, total with a little lodge containing two bunks and an oil oven. FDRs youth was amazingly shielded at Hyde Park as he was washed with affection by his folks and protected with riches and property. During 1900s when FDR was eighteen his dad died. This fixed Saras assurance to stay a significant piece of Franklins life as she needed him to grow up like his dad. She even moved to Boston while Franklin went to Harvard University. Before Harva... <! Franklin Roosevelt papers In 1932, Americans understood that they had an undeniably incredible monetary issue on their hands, and attempted to address it by unifying force. The President gained so much force that the country nearly turned into a socialism, particularly with Roosevelt's At the point when Franklin Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1933, the country was in the profundities of the most noticeably terrible wretchedness it had ever experienced. President Roosevelt, an extremely vivacious and energetic individual, enlivened the individuals with his own certainty and confidence later on. He assembled a gathering of individuals sharing his perspectives to support him, and gave food, attire, and safe house for many jobless and destitution stricken Americans. This was a piece of what he called the New Deal, of which his three goals were help, recuperation, and change for American residents. In another endeavor at recuperation, Congress endeavored to restore the country's horticulture and industry and spot the economy on a strong establishment. They printed additional cash to credit to ventures that immediately took care of it. By 1933 about 14 million Americans were jobless. Accordingly, the Roosevelt organization promptly propelled what appeared at an opportunity to be a brilliant program of direct help. In 2 years, government organizations conveyed 3 billion dollars to the states. Be that as it may, the individuals jobless needed occupations, not government assistance, in this manner the Works Progress Organization (WPA) appeared. This reestablished some of By 1936, the New Deal program confronted an enormous and developing body of restriction, some from inside the Democratic Party itself. Numerous pundits felt that the administration was meddling a lot with the free venture framework, and in doing as such, was compromising independence what's more, majority rule government. This assimilation of intensity by the president is what is ... <!

Design Consulting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Configuration Consulting - Research Paper Example The targets and objectives must be broke down to have the option to build up the preparation program. The factor that is tended to in this stage is the technique that will be utilized and be helpful in the preparation. The preparation strategies might be utilized incorporate preparing by means of the web or preparing that happens in study halls (Bari, 2000). The originator of the instructional meeting at that point sets up a format that is helpful in building up an archive for structure. The structure archive generally contains the substance that is genuine for plan and a framework of the substance. In this stage, storyboards that are valuable being developed and preparing are then made. The storyboards as a rule utilize illustrations. The designs accessible are helpful in making visuals that are utilized in supplementing the substance of preparing. After conclusion and endorsement by entrepreneurs, the preparation is then propelled. The educational program that is utilized for preparing must be comprehended by the facilitators. The preparation procedure should likewise be seen appropriately. The preparation devices that are valuable incorporate software’s, manuals and books. The assessment stage permits workers been prepared to give inputs on the instructional course. Assessment might be directed by overviews. The overviews should be possible by the utilization of paper media or

Intelligence and Theory for Educational Evaluation and Policy

Question: Examine about theIntelligence and Theory for Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Answer: As indicated by remove from Teachers TV knowledge spins round predominant quality execution in assignments that require intellectual abilities where the individual can inspire an emotional response among mind and substantial developments. Cognizance is required in the execution of knowledge since it causes a person to reason, see and use logiomathmatical abilities while playing out an assignment. The equivalent has been shown in a succinct way with the assistance of well known athlete David Beckham and his remarkable abilities of striking an objective. This is one away from of insight with the most extreme maintenance of subtleties and data at the top of the priority list for the ideal harmonization and implantation of them so as to understand a circumstance. It tends to be in this way never deduced in an oversimplified way that an athlete needn't bother with insight since it requires the most elevated coordinated effort of intellectual abilities so as to settle on choice during a critical second. The psychological and physical equalization that the competitor accomplishes is itself one occasion of having clever operator resources. In the short video, it is well discernable how the competitors are required to settle on immediate arrangements pivotal to winning and losing in an action where there is no extent of following up on sheer drive. One of the other most basic parts of insight is intellectual competence control to accomplish something (Nilan, 2018). Two differentiating school subjects would be Mathematics and History, the previous requires critical thinking aptitudes, language framework, working memory, inhibitory procedures and visual spatial handling with the end goal of data getting a handle on and control, utilization of theoretical information required for maths. The later is about memory, capacity to reiterate realities require the psychological abilities of working memory and sequencing. The youngster and grown-up are both keen since they are both possessing fundamental subjective abilities like consideration, memory, creative mind, mindfulness towards outside occasions and figuring which they can apply in basic critical thinking aptitudes like grown-ups. Anyway if there should arise an occurrence of grown-ups it is especially extraordinary since grown-ups use mind in a more productive way than youngsters. This is evident in the utilization of cerebrum and execution of errand with various degree of mind capability. Grown-ups are increasingly initiated in utilizing the mind areas when contrasted with the kids and along these lines can be named progressively clever when contrasted with kids. They are disparate in verbal IQ, capacity for handling data, picture understanding where the WAIS scale was more steady in grown-ups than in youngsters. Verbal insight perspectives like jargon and understanding are additionally preferable in the grown-ups over found inside the youngsters. Another key region of contrast is kids are at a formative phase of psychological aptitudes while in grown-ups, they are available in a total way. In grown-ups psychological advancement results from a perplexing procedure in numerous extents where will the segments of cerebrum increase full shape bringing about creation the individual intuitive. As indicated by me insight is the aggregate capacity to utilize memory, experience and creative mind so as to tackle issues and gain from the experience. It additionally helps in thinking, thinking conceptually, making analogies and accordingly conquer snags (West et al 2016). I have picked this specific plan since it includes a nearby agreement and coordinated effort of intellectual abilities bringing about endeavor of prudent activity that can be named as knowledge. Reference List: Nilan, M. (2018). PGCE International - Understanding Learning. [online] Nottingham.ac.uk. Accessible at: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/~ttzelrn/understanding-learning-e/unit2/section2.php [Accessed 22 Apr. 2018]. West, M.R., Kraft, M.A., Finn, A.S., Martin, R.E., Duckworth, A.L., Gabrieli, C.F. furthermore, Gabrieli, J.D., 2016. Guarantee and oddity: Measuring understudies non-psychological abilities and the effect of schooling.Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis,38(1), pp.148-170.

Media Term Paper About Technology And Communication - 3025 Words

Media Term Paper About Technology And Communication (Term Paper Sample) Content: Presented by:Institution:Date:IntroductionAccording with Bloom, Garicano,Sadun Van Reenen,2014 to technology have facilitated to changes in the communication both to the individuals and the organization. The noted developments in technology include the uses of computers, new networking, emails and social media platform for dialogue. The use of computers has been widely used in the management of the organizations more so in communication, in net networked systems the organization management can send messages through the email to their members. The computers have been used to store the data necessary for the administration. The secure network enables the organization to operate to vast geographical areas.According with Denney Sammon, 2015 the use of the mobile phones has enhanced quick and reliable communications in the business organizations. Mobile phones are portable and are well networked which facilitate the users to make the call at any time from any place. The coordination of the company has benefited from the new technology. The communication cost has been reduced by the currents use of the technology through which the service providers offer at low prices. The differentiated network services providers have enabled the users to have quality communication to the clients and the customers (McNaughton, Light, 2013).The mobile phones can access to the internet's services which offer alternatives methods of communications.According with Hashim, 2015 social media platforms such as Facebook, twitters, and blogs have facilitated the new communication from business organization, to their potential customers and the active customers. Through the Facebook, the company creates the page where the communications are made and feedbacks obtained. In most cases, the Company uses the facebook page to make advertisements and make urgent messages to the customers. The interested clients can view the information about the Company from the blogs. A large num ber of individuals who uses the facebook pages is potential customers to the Company.According with Eisenberg, Goodall Trethewey, 2013 new organizational structures has played a major role in enhancing communication. The new design and decorations used by the Companies have emerged as successful communication tools in the organization. The use of similar construction design is an indication that the business organization has the same production purpose. The decoration acts as a symbol of uniformity of the organization. The green color has been used by Safaricom which is one of the communication providers. All the related services to the Company have the decorations which are similar to give the customers the same views. It is a clear communication strategy the by the Company (Hashim, 2015).According to Miritello, Moro, Lara, Martnez-Lpez, Belchamber, Roberts, Dunbar, 2013 new industries have elements of communication to the public on the goods and services which are offered by the organization. The merging of the Companies to form a single organization has an image that the two organizations are working together to provide adequate and quality services to the members. The uniformity in the products and services provided in wide geographical regions communicate the widespread of the firm to other countries. The customers learn the ability of the organization to offer the best services to a large group of customers. The uniformity in production is communication by itself (McNaughton, Light,2013).FindingsPersonal experiences on the Safaricom CompanyOver the last ten years, Safaricom has been offering services to its customers across many world nations by providing the communication services to individuals and business organization. Some of the services offered by the Company include networked communication and money transfers services by the name M-pesa. The Company communications have improved gradually through the adaptation of the new technology. The use of the networked computers in all the Company departments has facilitated the organization to offer quality and reliable services to the customers promptly. The machine can store large volumes of customer's data and transitions taking place on dairy services. The full-time operations have been possible through the use of set computer systems which monitors the customer's services. The Company has gained benefits as well as the users of the services. Some of the benefits include huge profits made by the company, increased numbers of the customer worldwide to serve and large market shares which is essential to the Company long life in the market. The customers have benefited from the cost reduction to 80%. The quick transfer of information by use of email, internets and social media services is clear indication of the enhanced communication (Bloom, Garicano,Sadun Van Reenen,2014).The construction design and decorations of the premises have facilitated the communication to a large numbe r of the customers by creating public relations and awareness. Safaricom Company similarity in construction design and coloring has created an image to most people of the services which are offered there, including communication and money transfers services. The color has created publicity where advertisements are free to the general public. The result of design and color is the increased sales up to 85% of the set target. The Company has applied the technology to 90%. The management and organization of Safaricom have been smooth and profitable to the organization. The quality and improved services have been the result of new strategies in communications.InterviewIn an interview where a sample of 2000 customers, 400 agents, and 20 officials was interviewed to provide useful information about the current developments in communication and the extent covered. The interview was conducted for one month over nine countries. The interviewers had two main objectives when conduction the int erview, which are emerging communication strategies and the overall benefits realized. The officials provided the following information related to emerging communication and its effects onto the Company; firstly the Company is intensively using the computers to improve the communications and enhance the storage of the large data from the vast numbers of the customers served. The team also informed the interviewers that the new technology had improved the network to reach many customers and offered quality services. Also, the Safaricom officials explained that technology application has reached to about 85% according to the management's team. The advertising has facilitated 80% of the customer's satisfaction through the use of social media platforms such as facebook and twitter. The team stated that the Company has increased the income and offered the best services to customers from the emerging issues (Miritello, Moro, Lara, Martnez-Lpez, Belchamber, Roberts, Dunbar, 2013).The agen ts provided reliable information on the benefits arrived from the use of the new technology, new organizational structures, and new industries. The cheap and faster transfer of the information has been a key success from the communication strategies. The customer can send up to $700 and below to other clients within a short period. The new organizational structure has offered an adequate number of customers through publicity. The customer has the easy time accessing to the building where such services are offered. It has created high numbers of job opportunities up to 65% of target (Eisenberg, Goodall Trethewey, 2013).The customers who were interviewed provided positive feedback on the services provided by the Safaricom Company. The social media platforms have been facilitated by the quality networks offered by the Firm. The customers said they could interact with other members of the societies without physical movements from one geographical region to another which has saved cost up to 70%. The blogs have the potential customers to gain enough information from the company publications. The customer's satisfaction has been achieved up to 80% of the expectations. It has been possible through the developments in the communication (Ruggiero Vos, 2014).Company publicationsInternet connection with the serves such as Google which provide the wide variety of information has been possible through the use of well network system from Safaricom Company. With Google services, the members can send information through the use of email. It is possible to communicate to more than 100 customers by sending the same mails to them. The immediate feedback from the customers has enabled the Company to improve the services according to the customers' needs. The widespread connection has become a good control tool for management to achieving the set target (Ruggiero Vos, 2014).The increased capital for the Company and high rate of return has been the contribution to the welfare of the shareholders of the Company. The customers can access their bank accounts through the internets provided by the organization. The speed of diffusion of information and the dependability has been a result of good working systems on communication through the use of mobile phones which are portable. The short messages have enhanced the users to leaves a message to the customers who are not accessible at that time. The Company can reach to its customers on dairy services which meat it is 90% of information diffusions.Safaricom is one of the leading Companies which have many branches in the world to enable communication globally. The international market has become the global village where the information is easy exchanges with the customers and service providers up to 70% (Whitmore, Agarwal Da Xu 2015). The Company has a higher market share of 75% whic...

Importance Of Education Essay - 1578 Words

As Nelson Mandela stated, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world;† without education the world would be at a halt. On average, American children spend 6.64 hours daily at school for 180 days (National Center for Education Statistics, 2008). This means that an American child spends roughly 1,195.2 hours a year at school. If children are spending this much time in school they must be retaining most of the material being taught, correct? Well, unfortunately that is not the case. Students are spending half their days at school sitting down while receiving tons of information, but what good can come from this if they are not retaining any of it. In order for a student to retain information they must enjoy†¦show more content†¦II. Historical The idea of student engagement is rooted to the philosophy of John Dewey. John Dewey was born in 1859, he was an American psychologist, philosopher, and an educator. He is known as a schoolhouse pioneer because his views changed the fundamental approach to education. His views came from the philosophy of pragmatism. The word pragmatism originated from the Greek word ‘pragma’ which means action. Pragmatism can be simply defined as a logical way of doing things based off certain situations; it is the idea that actions are useful in practice and not just in theory. Dewey strongly believed in progressive education, and his ideas were crucial to the progressive movement in education. He believed that education should be meaningful, and that activity and active participation should be incorporated in learning. Dewey’s (1956) book, The School and Society, expressed his vision of how he believed every school should be an embryonic community life, active with types of occu pations that reflect the life of the larger society and permeated throughout with the spirit of art, history and science. When the school introduces and trains each child of society into membership within such a little community, saturating him with the spirit of service, and providing him with instruments of effective self-direction, we shall have the deepest and best guarantee of a larger society which is worthy, lovely and harmonious. (p. 19-20) HeShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Education Essay1802 Words   |  8 PagesEducation is the necessity of life that lies next food and water in today’s world where people have a vast knowledge of everything and more and more people are getting access to it and is laying the base for developments in different fields and that is exactly what the Astounding American physicist Albert Einstein had said explaining the importance of education in a person’s life even when they are long beyond their school day till the very last day of their life they keep on using that knowledgeRead MoreThe Importance of Education Essay2077 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Education Kandace L. Cottrell Eng 102 11-16-2010 Normand Hays The Importance of Education Why do we say that everyone must obtain an education to be successful in life? This is one of many questions that people ask about education. Some people ask: what does acquiring an education do for someone that just wants to go to work after he or she finishes high school? He or she may think that it is possible just to graduate from high school and start working. Well it is possibleRead MoreThe Importance of Education Essay802 Words   |  4 Pages An education is something that one can keep for a lifetime. Acquiring a good education can affect one’s personal life, one’s community, and one’s entire generation. The only person who truly controls how educated I am, is me. My education feeds my intelligence, and since I want to be an intellectual, I want an exemplary education. In the end, no one can transfer knowledge from one brain to another, like a money transfer from account to account. It is something that I have to achieveRead MoreThe Importance of Education Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesOne’s Education advancements could probably be the most important decision in his or her life. One can safely assume that a person is not in the proper sense until he is properly educated. As said by Nelson Mandela, â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.† One may take this quote and interpret it as that Education is deadly and needs to be taken advantage of to the highest level. High School and College to common people seem to be the same. One must go to classRead MoreEssay The Importance of Education526 Words   |  3 PagesEducation is imp ortant in any society. Parents, teachers and even political leaders encourage education in our society. Many people do not understand why there is so much emphasis placed upon obtaining a good education. This is why some people do not put in as much effort as they should. It is important that everyone understand the many benefits of education aside from getting a job and earning a salary. This knowledge will help you to develop an attitude that is conducive to learning. You will enjoyRead MoreThe Importance of Education Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Education Education and learning is one of the most important processes in today’s society. Today’s youth are tomorrow’s teachers. In the â€Å"banking method† or education by memorization, the student’s are not being taught; they are only expected to memorize the material, which is not actually a learning process. Although there are a lot of misconceptions to the â€Å"Banking method†, I think that there are also a lot of good to this method as well. I think that the teacher’s job isRead More The Importance of Education Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Education Education has always been a crucial part of society for the past centuries. Some believe that our education is a privilege. Some believe that our education is a right. Some believe that our education is an obligation. The only obligation we might have towards education is to treat it as a privilege as well as a right, but certainly not an obligation to have an education. Education has been the basis for the success we see in our parents, our teachers, and moreRead More The Importance of Education Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Education â€Å"Come on sweetie, you can do it!† These words have constantly been spoken to me ever since I was a child, and by my parents enforcing these words towards me they inspired me to achieve all that I am able too. In the Mexican culture there are many of us who yearn to learn new things yet there are many of our people who instead of lending a helping hand they thrust each other downward. With this key fact in mind I push myself to become an educated person withRead MoreThe Importance of Education Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesMost people will argue that college education in fields like traditional liberal arts and career-oriented subjects such as business, engineering and science is a stepping stone to success, and I agree because it provides one with broad knowledge, increased opportunities and greater potentials to succeed in life. The traditional liberal arts have been the foundation of advanced learning since dateless times. The idea that traditional liberal arts education at college level gives broad knowledgeRead MoreImportance Of Education Essay1643 Words   |  7 PagesA country is only able to grow and prosper through the education of each successive generation. In essence, the quality of the education system defines the potential of future leaders. Without proper teaching each country could revert, fatal mistakes defining the economy, political climate, and general future of a country for decades. The importance of education is clear meaning no country is free of the scrutiny their education system will undergo; although, some countries have far exceeded expectations

Critical Analysis of an Article on HIV/AIDS Prevention...

Introduction: This review is about the main points, gaps and critique of the article. The main information provided in this review will help you gain new insight on women HIV/AIDS prevention issues. As a society, we focus on individualist ways of prevention. We try to enforce and educate individuals on HIV/AIDS prevention on an individual level but it’s more complex because women have a lower status compared to men, this disempowerment can lead to violence in relationships with men therefore, negotiating condom use for women can lead to violence. The angle this review will be focusing on is how these gender roles affect women’s HIV sexual risk behaviours and behaviour reduction. Article Structure: The article was organized very well†¦show more content†¦Lastly, we need to understand that HIV/AID affects men and women differently; women are more susceptible physically and emotionally. Men can transmit the virus to females easier then vice versa. Since men usually have higher power than women, they are more likely to decide on condom use. There are still gaps in HIV/AIDS prevention. Firstly, just recently the female condom has been put into place to give women the power in controlling their sexuality but this is not the social norm compared to the male condom, thus creating many problems still. The female condom is not as widely accepted therefore it still creates barriers (e.g. accessibility) for many women using it. Secondly, most researchers did not provide a theoretical framework for understanding gender differences or the social factors that could be important for risk reduction of HIV/AIDS in women. Article critique: The limitations stood out to me about the article. Since most of the models (e.g. The health belief model (HBM) or The theory of reasoned action model (TRA)) are based on the individual and rarely consider the cultural and social context consequently failing to account for behaviour change and risk factor. It’s hard to tie in the theoretical concepts of these models in prevention for women. This makes me question how useful these models are in the context of HIV prevention among women. Also, it is very unfortunate that many sexual encounters are imposed, not voluntary. This puts women at risk forShow MoreRelatedPhiladelphia Movie Review1571 Words   |  7 PagesPhiladelphia Prepare a critical analysis of the movie Philadelphia (1993). Ensure that you address the following: * Myths and stereotypes about homosexuals and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) helped to propel his dismissal from the firm? * Prejudice, discrimination, oppression, and institutional discrimination. * Include analysis of any additional issues for gays and lesbians such as legal empowerment, violence against them, coming out, ethnicity, and AIDS. * Suggest strategiesRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Two Global Health Promotion Initiatives2942 Words   |  12 Pagesof eight time-bound health related objectives, adopted in 2000 by all member states of the United Nations, and at least 23 international organisations(6). Generally, there are many factors that affect the distribution of health globally including issues like climate change, food security, gender inequalities, racism, war and conflict, lack of education and globalisation(7). However, the impacts of these factors are not equally distributed, leading to differences in quality of health and health careRead MoreChild Marriage in India4546 Words   |  19 PagesIndia overall, roughly 47.6 percent of girls are married by the age of eighteen (The implications of early marriage, 2004). Despite international human rights efforts, the eradication of child marriage is greatly hindered by the intertwined social issues that often lead to and are then in turn reinforced by the practice. Various underlying social factors inform why child marriage exists, including: traditional gender norms; the value of virginity and parental concerns surrounding premarital sex;Read MoreThe Development And Implementation Of Social Development Initiatives Essay1931 Words   |  8 Pagesrealization that human trafficking is not just explicitly related to women and the sex trade as is largely publicized, but the growing and largely overlooked forced labor and organ trading. This chapter will focus on conditions within Southeast Asia that draw trafficking to the region and what amounts to recognizing it, preventing it, and making those who deal ‘in it’ accountable. Whilst Southeast Asia detrimentally underestimates the issue, there are a significant number of organizations working acrossRead MoreHiv/Aids Summary of Research Study8804 Words   |  36 PagesImmunodeficiency Virus (HIV) results in destruction of the body’s host defenses and immune system leading to the condition called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV-AIDS is one of the world’s greatest public health crises. For many years , because of lack of understanding and effective treatment, it is now considered a rapidly progressing fatal disease. HIV infection in humans is considered pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). 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HIV Classification and external resources Diagram of HIV ICD-10 B20-B24 ICD-9 042-044 OMIM 609423 MedlinePlus 000602 eMedicine article/783434 MeSH D006678 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a member of the retrovirus family) thatRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 Pages------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form IFAD strategy paper on HIV/AIDS for East and Southern Africa IFAD strategy paper on HIV/AIDS for East and Southern Africa A. Assessing the Impact of HIV/AIDS on IFAD-Supported Projects 34. 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The Law on Involuntary Manslaughter

Question: The law on Involuntary Manslaughter highlights key questions about the proper scope of criminal responsibility, including imposing liability for omissions and controversy surrounding the mens rea requirements that are considered appropriate for serious offences in England Wales. Explain the above statement, illustrating your points with examples from case law. Answer: Involuntary manslaughter has to be distinguished from voluntary manslaughter because in the case of former, there is a lack of intention to kill. According to the law, involuntary manslaughter has been divided in three categories which are unlawful act or constructive manslaughter; gross negligence manslaughter or medical manslaughter and the other categories that of reckless manslaughter. In this way, it is clear that a wide range of situations are covered by involuntary manslaughter and it is also echoed in the verdicts that are given by the courts. In case of unlawful act or constructive manslaughter, it is required that the death of the victim should have been caused by an unlawful act which is something more than a civil wrong (R v Franklin, 1883). In such a case it is required that the unlawful act can be considered as dangerous by applying the reasonable person standard. This means that an objective test has to be applied and not a subjective test (R v Church, 1965). According to this test, there should be an act as merely an omission cannot result in creating liability (R v Lowe, 1973). In the same way, it is also required that the unlawful act should have resulted in causing the death as was stated by the court in R v Kennedy (2005). Challenging decisions need to be made in which the death of a person has been caused by injecting a drug. The effect of the decisions given in these cases is that the courts have a reason to scrutinize what can be considered as an unlawful act or constructive manslaughter. At present, it appears that the law provides in this regard that if the drug has been supplied by the defendant but nothing more has been done by the defendant towards administering the drug, generally the court will come to the conclusion that the death has not been caused by the defendant (R v Dalby, 1982). On the other hand, if the person has been helped by the defendant in taking the drug, and such an act has resulted in the death of the person, the defendant can be held guilty of manslaughter (R v Rodgers, 2003). In the same way, if the injection has been prepared by the present but victim took the needle and injected himself or herself with a deadly dose, the defendant can still be considered as guilty of unl awful act manslaughter because in such a case, an unlawful act of administering a noxious substance has been committed by the defendant as provided by section 23, Offenses Against the Person Act, 1861 (R v Kennedy, 2005). Test that can be used in case of unlawful act manslaughter is an objective test however the act can also be related with property. At the same time, it is also required that the risk of harm should be of a physical harm and when they say it is not sufficient if there is a fear or concern even if it has resulted in the victim suffering from a heart attack. However, if the defendant was aware of the weakness of the victim and also the risk that is faced by the victim, in such a case the defendant can be held as liable. However the law requires that they should be evidence to support that the defendant had the mens rea for committing the act, even though it is not necessary that the defendant realized at that time that the act was dangerous or unlawful (DPP v Newbury, 1977). On the other hand, the gross negligence manslaughter or medical manslaughter takes place when a person owes a duty of care and such a duty has been breached which resulted in the death of the victim. In R v Singh (1999), the conviction for manslaughter for gross negligence was upheld by the Court of Appeal for the death of the tenant although his son was left behind to look after the property. In the same way, a large number of immigrants were suffocated while they were under the charge of the driver of the truck that was carrying 60 illegal immigrants from China (R v Wacker, 2003). In such cases, it is required that the actus reus should be so gross that in the opinion of the jury, it appears criminal in nature and at the same time, there should be a threat of death. For example the defendant in R v Adomako (1994), was an anesthetist who failed to see that a tube inserted in patients mouth has become detached while an eye operation was going on. As a result, the patients suffered a cardiac arrest and died. The approach adopted by Lord Mackay in this case was very clear when he stated that the fact that the breach of duty on the part of the defendant amounted to gross negligence relied on the degree of seriousness of the breach on part of the defendant keeping in mind all the conditions under which the defendant was at the time when the incident happened and also to see if, considering the risk of death that was involved in this case, the conduct of the defendant can be considered as so bad under the circumstances that it amounted to a criminal act or omission in the judgment of the jury. It has been mentioned by the courts on several occasions that a duty of care is present between the doctor and the patient similarly as a duty was present in case of the relationship between the ship's owner and the crew of the ship (R. v. Litchfield, 1993). In Adamoko, the concept of gross negligence has been criticized upon which the Court of Appeal has based its judgment by submitting that its formulation involves circularity as the jury was told in effect to convict the defendant of a crime if they thought that a crime had been committed and that accordingly using gross negligence as conceptual basis for the crime of involuntary manslaughter was unsatisfactory and the law should be applied by the courts as provided in R v Seymour [1983] 2 All ER 1058, generally to all the cases in which involuntary manslaughter is involved or at least it should be used as the basis for providing general applicability and acceptability. Another case that needs to be mentioned in this regard is that of R v Stone Dobinson (1977) when a vulnerable sister of the defendant was staying with them. However, when she fell ill, the defendants did not call for a doctor. It was held by the court that a duty of care was present in this case on part of the defendants and as a result, the attitude of indifference adopted by the defendants was sufficient for substantiating the charge of gross negligence manslaughter. On the other hand, reckless manslaughter cannot be defined so easily. Before Adomako (1994), the general view was that manslaughter can be recklessly committed and an objective test has to be used in this regard. However, after this case, it started to be considered that this was not appropriate test that needs to be applied and recklessness can result in the manslaughter of the kind that was found by the court in R v Stone Dobinson (1977). As a result, now it is considered that reckless manslaughter can be present in cases involving motor vehicles which result in manslaughter. An important case in this regard is that of R v Lidar. No. 99/0339/Y4 where there was an argument between the defendant and the victim when the victim was leaning into the car of the defendants. The car was driven by the defendant at that time and as a result, the victim came under cars rear wheel. In this case, the court stated that the defendant was guilty of manslaughter. It was stated by the court of appeal that for holding the defendant liable, it is required that the defendant should have foreseen the risk of serious injury or death taking place and at the same time, it should have been assessed by the defendant that at least it is highly likely to take place (Ashworth, 1989). These days, perhaps reckless manslaughter can be defined with the help of the test that has been provided by the court in this case. It also becomes significant at this point to refer to corporate manslaughter. After the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act, 2007 was introduced in at the 2008; number of prosecutions has been increasing ever since. The meaning of this legislation is that the corporations and other organisations can also be liable of manslaughter as a result of the failure to perform the duties imposed on them properly. In case of a fatality as a result of the breach of duty of care, and it is found that the company has failed to manage health and safety procedures, the company can be held liable for corporate manslaughter (Thomas, 1978). However the law of corporate manslaughter can be criticized on the ground that in case of big corporations, it is possible that these companies may get away with the offense because there are huge resources available to them as a result, these corporations are in a better position to defend themselves against the charge of corporate manslaughter as com pared to small businesses. Perhaps the subjective definition that has been given to gross negligence manslaughter does not help at present as it suggests that whether the offense has been committed or not depends on the situation and what has happened (Field and Jorg, 1991). As a result even a question can be asked if the offense of gross negligence manslaughter is present at all. Indeed, it can be hard for jury but there are freeware and forceful authorities present regarding gross negligence manslaughter. Similarly, it cannot be supported by a idea that civil law can deal with culpability where this type of negligence has been present for a number of years (Sharpe, 1994). Probably, due to this reason, it was preferred by the Law Commission that the term criminal manslaughter should be used. Of course, the judges have to apply the law so that it can be beneficial for the jury and they may be aware of the verdict that has to be considered during their discussions. As a result, anything done with a view to faci litate jurys work is perhaps good (Smith and Hogan, 1992). Problem may not be faced by the judge regarding a reform that suggests that reckless manslaughter should be abolished which perhaps is present only in cases of motoring manslaughter (Field and Jorg, 1991). However this does not necessarily mean that our concept of second degree murder will be easier for the jury to understand or for that matter, gross negligence manslaughter. It also appears that this term is also full of probable difficulties and it is also likely that the members of the jury could have heard regarding the use of the term in America. It can be argued in this regard that it is more significant to make sure that justice is provided to the victims by devising wide and diverse range of offenses that are capable of covering all the wrongdoers, instead of having any niceties regarding the drafting (Virgo, 1995). However the work done by the Law commission in this regard is also valuable and it should not be disre garded. But in this regard it is also important to note that the Parliament has the responsibility of making sure that it is in step with the requirements of the society and also to ensure that the reforms are made according to the expectations and needs of the people (Glazebrook, 1960). At present, it may be an unwieldy part of the law, however it can be stated in this regard that this is due to the reason that it has to fulfill the requirements of the society which includes the families of the victims. Concerns have been expressed that the offenses related with the death of someone due to dangerous driving, are not capable of showing the loss of life and therefore it is important that significant care is exercised in order to make sure that the reforms regarding unlawful act manslaughter is not treated as diluting of the law and therefore, mixed signals should not be given in this regard. On the basis of the above mentioned the discussion, and considering the circumstances under which a person ought to be held criminally liable for causing death unintentionally, it can be said that this should be the case only where an obvious risk of causing death or serious injury is present, which the person was capable of appreciating. As mentioned above, involuntary manslaughter is a very wide category of offense. It appears to be inappropriate that the types of conduct which hugely vary in terms of fault should all have the same descriptive label. Moreover, as a result of the broad nature of the offense of involuntary manslaughter, problems can be traced by the judges while sentencing because in such a case, the judge is not able to receive the guidance of the jury regarding the matter is that the important for the severity of the penalty deserved, like the foresight of the accused regarding the risk of causing death. Therefore in this regard, it can be recommended that two diff erent offenses of unintentional killing should be created that are based on differing fault elements instead of having one single, broad offense. Although there can be certain disadvantages of having separate offenses but having a single and very wide offense also carries with it much greater dangers that have been discussed in this assignment. References Ashworth, 1989, The Scope of Criminal Liability for Omissions 105 LQR 424. A. Thomas, 1978, Form and Function in Criminal Law, in Peter Glazebrook (ed) Reshaping the Criminal Law p 28. Graham Virgo, 1995 Reconstructing the Law of Manslaughter on Defective Foundations CLJ 14, 16 J C Smith and B Hogan, 1992, Criminal Law (7th ed) p 373 P R Glazebrook, 1960, Criminal Omissions: The Duty Requirement in Offences Aga inst the Person 76 LQR 386 S Field and N Jrg, 1991, Corporate Liability and Manslaughter: should we be going Dutch? Crim LR 156, 158159 Celia Wells, Manslaughter and Corporate Crime (1989) 139 NLJ 931 Sybil Sharpe, 1994 Grossly Negligent Manslaughter after Adomako 158 JP 725 Case Law DPP v Newbury [1977] AC 500 R v Adomako [1994] 3 WLR 288 R v Church [1965] 2 WLR 1220 R v Dalby (1982) 74 Cr App R 348 R v Franklin (1883) 15 Cox CC 163 R v Kennedy [2005] 1 WLR 2159 R v Kennedy [2005] 1 WLR 2159 R v Lowe [1973] QB 702 R v Rodgers [2003] 1 WLR 1374 R v Stone Dobinson [1977] 1 QB 354 R v Wacker [2003] 1 Cr App R 329 v. Litchfield, [1993] 4 S.C.R. 333 Singh, R v [1999] CA

To Kill A Mockingbird Essays (506 words) - Literature, Film, Fiction

To Kill A Mockingbird In the classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, there are two families that are textbook examples of complete opposites on the moral ladder, and in the community. The Cunninghams and the Ewells have two distinctly different reputations. The Cunninghams, although extremely poor, are highly respected throughout Maycomb County. The Ewells, being just as poor as the Cunninghams, are deeply despised. The Cunninghams are very respected by the citizens of Maycomb. They take nothing, unless they can pay it back, and that is virtually nothing. On the first day of school, the youngest of the Cunningham family, Walter, had no lunch. The new teacher didn't know the ways of Maycomb, or the Cunninghams. She tried to offer Walter money to buy lunch, and could not comprehend why he could not accept. Scout tries to explain to Ms. Caroline, "Walter's one of the Cunninghams, Ms. Caroline...The Cunninghams never took nothin' they can't give back-no church baskets, no scrip stamps. They never took nothing off anybody, they get along with what they have. They don't have much, but they get along on it." Walter knew he could not pay back the quarter, so he did not take it. On that same first day of class, Bob Ewell's son Burris also had an altercation with Miss Caroline. She asked him to go home and wash his hair with lye soap, and then treat his scalp with kerosene to get rid of the "cooties." Burris would have none of it. He told Miss Caroline that he was on the virge of leaving anyway. When Miss Caroline questioned his response, one member of the class tried to explain, "He's one of the Ewells ma'am. Whole school's full of 'em. They come the first day every year and then leave. The truant lady gets 'em here 'cause she threatens 'em with the sheriff.... You're supposed to mark 'em absent the rest of the year." Burris' father was a uncaring, jobless, drunk, who never even pretended to care about the education or well being of his many children. Walter Cunningham(Sr.), along with most whites before the trial, believed Tom Robinson to be guilty. He showed up at the jail where Tom Robinson was being held, with all intentions to kill Tom. After a one sided conversation with Scout, Mr. Cunningham realizes that he has no reason to be at the jail, and has even less of a reason to use his rifle. Bob Ewell cost Maycomb two lives, while Mr. Cunningham, at least for a while, saved one. Among the many things Bob Ewell had little value for, human existence proved to be right at the top. After finding his daughter Mayella kissing Tom Robinson (a black man), Bob accused Tom of raping and beating his daughter, though he had done it himself. After being found guilty, Tom Robinson was shot while supposedly trying to escape. All Bob Ewell could think about however was the fact that his word was held in only a slightly higher standing than that of a black man. He tried to kill Scout and Jem for retribution against Atticus, but eventually was killed himself by Aurthur "Boo" Radley.

Kernel Sentence Definition and Examples

Kernel Sentence Definition and Examples In transformational grammar, a kernel sentence is a  simple declarative construction with only one verb. A kernel sentence is always active and affirmative. Also known as a basic sentence or a kernel. The concept of the kernel sentence was introduced in 1957 by linguist Z.S. Harris and featured in the early work of linguist Noam Chomsky. Examples and Observations According to writer Shefali Moitra, A kernel sentence does not contain any optional expression and is simple in the sense that it is unmarked in mood, therefore, it is indicative. It is also unmarked in voice, therefore, it is active rather than passive. And, finally, it is unmarked in polarity, therefore, it is a positive rather than a negative sentence. An example of a kernel sentence is The man opened the door, and an example of a non-kernel sentence is The man did not open the door.M.P. Sinha, PhD, scholar and writer, offers more examples: Even a sentence with an adjective, gerund, or infinitive is not a kernel sentence.(i) This is a black cow is made of two kernel sentences.This is a cow and The cow is black.(ii) I saw them crossing the river is made of I saw them and They were crossing the river.(iii) I want to go is made of I want and I go. Chomsky on Kernel Sentences According to American linguist, Noam Chomsky, [E]very sentence of the language will either belong to the kernel or will be derived from the strings underlying one or more kernel sentences by a sequence of one or more transformations. . . . [I]n order to understand a sentence it is necessary to know the kernel sentences from which it originates (more precisely, the terminal strings underlying these kernel sentences) and the phrase structure of each of these elementary components, as well as the transformational history of development of the given sentence from those kernel sentences. The general problem of analyzing the process understanding is thus reduced, in a sense, to the problem of explaining how kernel sentences are understood, these being considered the basic content elements from which the usual, more complex sentences of real life are formed by transformational development. Transformations British linguist P. H. Matthews says, A kernel clause which is both a sentence and a simple sentence, like His engine has stopped or The police have impounded his car, is a kernel sentence. Within this model, the construction of any other sentence, or any other sentence that consists of clauses, will be reduced to that of kernel sentences wherever possible. Thus the following: The police have impounded the car which he left outside the stadium. is a kernel clause, with transforms Have the police impounded the car which he left outside the stadium? and so on. It is not a kernel sentence, as it is not simple. But the relative clause, which he left outside the stadium, is a transform of the kernel sentences He left a car outside the stadium, He left the car outside the stadium, He left a bicycle outside the stadium, and so on. When this modifying clause is set aside, the remainder of the main clause, The police have impounded the car, is itself a kernel sentence. Sources Chomsky, Noam. Syntactic Structures, 1957; rev. ed, Walter de Gruyter, 2002. Matthews, P. H. Syntax. Cambridge University Press, 1981. Moitra, Shefali. Generative Grammar and Logical Form. Logic Identity and Consistency, edited by Pranab Kumar Sen. Allied Publishers, 1998. Sinha, M.P., PhD, Modern Linguistics. Atlantic Publishers, 2005.

Business environment of law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business environment of law - Essay Example Use of meat products is judged by the consumers taste and level of enjoyment. The consumer also concern over the price, health and nutritional variety a certain food provides, it shows the changing life style of the people. With time and economic development, the consumers are provided with wide variety of processed food that satisfies the urge of common people for versatility in food or meat products. (Joseph and Griffiths 63-69) This scandal has shattered the meat industry in Europe. The discovery of horsemeat in products being sold has caused the authorities in Britain and France immediate health concerns. As further investigations are still under process but discovery by Irish investigations have found horse and pig DNA in numerous hamburger products. In the view of officials until the investigations are confirmed and assurance is made, the EU commission can temporary ban the import of meat products or processed product in Britain. Although horse meat is used among several part o f the world but the food inspectors are concerned that the horse meat might contain any sort of veterinary drugs. Until material evidence comes up a ban cannot be made, creating anger and outrage in France and Britain. The pressure on the authorities to resolve the issue has increased by the common people. (Levs and Per Nyberg) STEPS TO RESOLVE THE ISSUE Now mentioning the horse-meat usage and way to resolve this shocking outbreak, the scandal has risen in the European region and so has the fears regarding the complex supply chains of Europe’s food market increased. It has come to my knowledge that as the issue has gained severity a number of food chain suppliers have pulled their cheaper line of meat products off the stores, as they are suspicious of it being contaminated of horse meat. To resolve the issue the officials (including me) appointed by the committee are struggling to reassure the confidence of consumers over the fresh beef products. It is reported that according to David Health, the Food minister the medical risks are very low, several tests are ongoing in the past few weeks and nothing can be concluded until the result is positive. Moving on to investigations, the police have arrested several men on suspicion of offences under the Fraud act to mislabel and sell horse meat as beef. One of the setbacks seen in this scandal is the lack of confidence of consumers on the biggest food suppliers in Britain. According to the experts laboratories are working around the clock but as the number of effected products is great, timely reports are a problem. (Carrington, James Meikle, and Simon Neville) Described above are the initial steps taken by my department of investigations, but besides this it is necessary to suggest an effective plan to overcome the issue as soon as possible. Firstly, a ban upon all the slaughter houses should be the first step, even if they are license slaughter houses. This ban won’t create a shortage of meat as when t hese slaughter house are closed, an alternate slaughter house should be brought in function under the supervision of a team to check the meat. Meanwhile, the government must formulate a policy that in future all the meat that comes in the country or supplied to shops be formally checked by labs. Secondly, as mentioned in this paper, ban upon imports for a limited time period,

Global Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Warming - Research Paper Example Global Warming There are three main ways in which human activities lead to an escalation in the total amount of the greenhouse gases; burning of fossil fuel, deforestation, and agricultural as well as industrial activities. During the combustion of fossil fuels, large amounts of carbon dioxide are produced. Fossils get burnt in order to aid in production of energy that can help in transportation, cooling, heating, and electricity generation. 80% of the total carbon dioxide added in the atmosphere comes from burnt fossil fuels (Spellman & Whiting, 2006). In addition, land use change for example; clearing lands for ranching, agriculture or logging contributes positively in the increased levels of carbon dioxide. Plants contain carbon which gets emitted as carbon dioxide when plants decay or burn. In addition, ozone gas and chlorofluorocarbons results to an increase in the levels of green house gases in the atmosphere. Ozone gas is present in the troposphere, and it emerges from industries. Most of untreated industrial wastes contain methane. Chlorofluorocarbons found in refrigerators and air conditioners also deplete stratospheric ozone layer. However, there are some scientists who dismiss the fact that, global warming is as a result of human activities. Abdussamatov for instance, has come up with a theory that dismisses the idea of greenhouse gases as the leading cause of global warming. He argues that greenhouse gases have minimal influence on earth’s temperature (Pasachoff & Filippenko, 2007). ... During the  combustion  of fossil fuels, large amounts of carbon dioxide  are produced. Fossils get burnt in order to  aid  in production of energy that can help in transportation, cooling, heating, and electricity generation. 80% of the total carbon dioxide added in the atmosphere comes from burnt fossil fuels (Spellman & Whiting, 2006). In addition, land use change  for example; clearing lands for ranching, agriculture or logging contributes positively in the increased levels of carbon dioxide. Plants contain carbon which gets emitted as carbon dioxide when plants decay or burn. In addition, ozone gas and chlorofluorocarbons results to an increase in the levels of green house gases in the atmosphere. Ozone gas is present in the troposphere, and it emerges from industries. Most of untreated industrial wastes contain methane. Chlorofluorocarbons found in refrigerators and air conditioners also deplete stratospheric ozone layer. However, there are some scientists who dismi ss the fact that, global warming is as a result of human activities. Abdussamatov for instance, has come up with a theory that dismisses the idea of greenhouse gases as the leading cause of global warming. He argues that greenhouse gases have minimal influence on earth’s temperature (Pasachoff & Filippenko, 2007). Variation of temperature takes place mostly on Earth and Mars. He, therefore, believes that Carbon dioxide has no influence in Mars. Furthermore, he believes that, if greenhouse gases were to be absent, there would be no life on Earth. Instead, the whole planet would just be a ball of ice. He, however, says that the global warming is due to wobbles in Earth’s

Nonverbal Communication Cod Essay Example for Free

Nonverbal Communication Cod Essay 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers are seen in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 2. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 3. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 4. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation? 1. What cultural barriers can be seen in this image? 2. What nonverbal messages are being sent in this image? 3. What type of nonverbal communication codes are being used to deliver the messages? 4. What effect does each message have on the other people in the image? 5. What nonverbal communication skills and strategies could be used to communicate effectively in this situation?

Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies Essay -- Conflict Team

Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies People work in groups or teams everyday whether in their career, education, political organization, church, or any other social setting. Conflict while working in teams or groups is inevitable. When taking people of different backgrounds, personalities, moral, and ethical beliefs and putting them together in a group, conflict will arise. The key to achieving your team goals is to construct and conquer your goals with keeping the greater good of the team in mind. Conflict as it arises should be combated and abated through swift and thorough resolution techniques. When dealt with properly conflict resolution can give rise to a cohesive and productive team. What Is Conflict? Conflict as defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is a competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interest, or persons), Mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands. Simply put conflict is the disagreement and disharmony that occurs in groups when differences are expressed regarding ideas, methods, and/ or members (Engleberg, Wynn, and Schuttler, 2003). Conflict among teams or groups develops in many ways. In developing an effective team, members will generally experience the five stages of evolution: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. The storming and norming stages deal with the process of conflict (storming) and resolution (norming). During the storming stage, exact conflict has not yet been identified and therefore chaos, disorganization, and disputes are apparent. The Norming stage is where conflict is identified and deal t with and resolutio... ...tified and dealt with accordingly. References DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 309- 329. DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 371- 393, 241- 259. Engleberg, I., Wynn, D., & Schuttler, R., (2003). Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies (3rd ed.) Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. pp. 146- 170. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A., (2004). Organizational Behavior (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin. pp. 406- 441. Parker, G., (2003). Cross- Functional Teams: Working with Allies, Enemies, and Other Strangers. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. pp. 170- 194. Stewart, G., Manz, C., & Sims, H., (1999). Teamwork and Group Dynamics. New York: Wiley. pp. 70- 125. Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies Essay -- Conflict Team Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies People work in groups or teams everyday whether in their career, education, political organization, church, or any other social setting. Conflict while working in teams or groups is inevitable. When taking people of different backgrounds, personalities, moral, and ethical beliefs and putting them together in a group, conflict will arise. The key to achieving your team goals is to construct and conquer your goals with keeping the greater good of the team in mind. Conflict as it arises should be combated and abated through swift and thorough resolution techniques. When dealt with properly conflict resolution can give rise to a cohesive and productive team. What Is Conflict? Conflict as defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary is a competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interest, or persons), Mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external or internal demands. Simply put conflict is the disagreement and disharmony that occurs in groups when differences are expressed regarding ideas, methods, and/ or members (Engleberg, Wynn, and Schuttler, 2003). Conflict among teams or groups develops in many ways. In developing an effective team, members will generally experience the five stages of evolution: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. The storming and norming stages deal with the process of conflict (storming) and resolution (norming). During the storming stage, exact conflict has not yet been identified and therefore chaos, disorganization, and disputes are apparent. The Norming stage is where conflict is identified and deal t with and resolutio... ...tified and dealt with accordingly. References DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 309- 329. DeJanasz, S. C., Dowd, K. O., & Schneider, B. Z. (2002). Interpersonal Skills in Organizations. New York: McGraw- Hill. pp. 371- 393, 241- 259. Engleberg, I., Wynn, D., & Schuttler, R., (2003). Working in Groups: Communication Principles and Strategies (3rd ed.) Boston: Houghton- Mifflin. pp. 146- 170. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A., (2004). Organizational Behavior (6th ed.). New York: McGraw- Hill/Irwin. pp. 406- 441. Parker, G., (2003). Cross- Functional Teams: Working with Allies, Enemies, and Other Strangers. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass. pp. 170- 194. Stewart, G., Manz, C., & Sims, H., (1999). Teamwork and Group Dynamics. New York: Wiley. pp. 70- 125.

Isolation in the Painted Door by Ross Sinclair Essay

The feelings of isolation and alienation can be frustrating, dangerous and eventually they can even drive a person mad. People have always dealt with such issues differently. Some managed to abandon those feelings and continued with their lives while others succumbed to them as they were unable to overcome and/or control them. Those souls who â€Å"surrendered† often faced destruction or even death as they were unable to cope with changes and the pressures of living a life below their expectations with no one to trust and confide, not even their beloved ones. When people are alone and isolated for a certain amount of time there is a chance that they forget about real life and even become â€Å"bushed†. This is one of the many problems of vast countries such as Canada especially its dry prairies and northern arctic regions can change people. In this essay, I will try to analyze and investigate different circumstances that can lead to emotional states, some of which are prominent themes in Canadian fiction – isolation, alienation, loneliness, loss of identity and madness. Isolation and alienation can occur out of many reasons. It is not only an isolated landscape that may trigger feelings of loneliness, fear or helplessness, but also isolation and alienation from society or even people closest to you. Other definitions may also include spiritual and emotional isolation. In Sinclair Ross’ The Painted Door the protagonist Ann fells alone and isolated for many reasons. Ann is not pleased with her life. She and her husband John live in the middle of nowhere, far away from company and populated settlements. The remote surrounding in which they live creates a feeling of extreme isolation, especially after previously living in a city. After being exposed to this geographical isolation for some time, Ann’s feelings of loneliness eventually intensify to the point where she even feels alienated from her own husband. But at that point she does not realize that her yearning for a better and different life will consequently change her life for worse and will make her feel guilty and miserable for the rest of her life. After having an affair with Steven she realizes that this is not what she really wanted and she also realizes that she has made a big mistake sleeping with him, while her husband was away. Therefore, we cannot consider Steven as the fulfillment of her desires for a better life, but rather as a temporary means to â€Å"cure† her from her isolation and loneliness. As John unexpectedly returns home during a storm, he witnesses the betrayal and leaves Ann never to return again. †¦ the explicit theme is centered on adultery. However, there are other, more subtle, motifs in the story that play a very significant role in its success. The themes essential in making the protagonist’s adultery understandable are the landscape, her isolation, and the feelings of betrayal and guilt that she experiences following the central act of the story. (The Painted Door) Ultimately, Ann’s needs to feel loved and acknowledged, as well as her actions out of desperation and loneliness, lead her to the destruction of her life and, consequently, the life or her husband. The blizzard, which can be seen as a metaphor for passion, as well as the physical and emotional separation from her husband engage her to do things she probably, under â€Å"normal† circumstances, would not consider doing. Therefore, it is in those extreme conditions where we have to search for the driving force behind Ann’s adultery. The answers that would â€Å"justify† her actions and would, as well, give us an insight into her inner loneliness and isolation are all hidden in this seemingly unreal wasteland. In this story we can find: †¦thematic elements considered the bedrock of Canadian writing: a landscape so bleak in winter that it seemed a region alien to life, but a house standing nonetheless standing against that wilderness, a refugee of feeble walls wherein persisted the elements of human meaning and survival. †¦ A woman who wants fine things and a social life, but a slow, taciturn, country-bound husband who only aspires to paying of the mortgage. (Stouck 2005, 93) The Painted Door is not Ross’ only short story dealing with issues such as isolation, alienation and madness. The other prominent example of him using such themes and motifs is The Lamp at Noon where Ross, by establishing a gloomy and intense atmosphere, creates a feeling of uneasiness and fear of the isolated and even manic environment which inevitably affects the story’s protagonists. It â€Å"illustrates how close to madness a person’s dreams of a better life may be juxtaposing the delusions harboured by a husband and a wife about their failing homestead.† (Estehammer 1992) The newlyweds Ellen and Paul moved from the city to a desert landscape during the time of the Great Depression to live as farmers in the Canadian prairie. Unfortunately, dust storms, as well as the soil’s dryness and lack of rain made their existence as happy and successful farmers almost impossible. Nevertheless, Ellen, who came from a rich family, tried to be a model wife by taking care of the household and their baby, but the fact that they were living on an infertile and isolated farm made things worse day by day and contributed to the couple’s constant quarreling. The lack of joy, food and tolerance caused both emotional and physical suffering for Ellen and Paul. It seems as if the shift from city- to rural life hit Ellen particularly hard as she seems to be very frustrated about her present situation and even afraid of what the future might hold for them. She feels as if she was living in a cage or a prison, and deep inside she knew that there is no way out of it. It is obvious that the setting is essential in causing havoc in Ellen’s and Paul’s lives. Therefore, to answer the question of where these feelings of isolation, loneliness and, in the end, even madness originate, we must consider the extreme unfriendly and even claustrophobic environment as a major factor. Other likely reasons would have to be Paul’s stubbornness and his foolish manly pride that made him ignore his wife’s request to change matters by setting up new priorities. For many years she has tried to persuade him to leave the farm but she has failed every time due to his reassuring comments about a better life. Because Paul is unable, or maybe even unwilling, to change, he eventually destroys his marriage and family by further contributing to his wife’s state of depression and, ultimately, insanity. It is only after Ellen’s desperate run into the sandstorm, in which she sees freedom, and their baby’s death when Paul realizes his mistakes but it is already too late. Their child is dead and his wife has lost her mind. Consequently it can be seen that both of Ross’ analyzed stories are, in fact, examples of how not to deal with isolation. By creating and describing both stories’ setting so vividly, Ross succeeds in reinforcing our own understanding of isolation, by taking us in the midst of this unfriendly and devastating environment. He makes us almost feel Ellen’s geographical and emotional isolation which eventually drive her into a state of madness. The Lamp at Noon is â€Å"especially powerful because it resonates with the unique historical conditions of the 1930s, when dust storms scourged the West, hard working farm families lost their land, and some people went mad† (Stouck 2005, 91). The lamp in The Lamp at Noon itself is a symbol of hope but when it dies out in the end all hope seems lost. It can be argued that Ross â€Å"does not simply present the landscape and weather as a cause for psychological disintegration but also deploys it as a metaphor to develop the inner landscape of his characters, the landscape thus serving as the objective correlative of the feelings and the states of m ind of his protagonists† (Pauly 1999, 70). The Old Woman by Joyce Marshall is another prominent example of how isolation can lead into madness. Molly and Todd got married in Molly’s homeland England. Soon afterwards Todd traveled to Canada leaving his Molly behind. She joins him after 3 years because she had to take care of her ill mother. When she arrives in Northern Quebec she realized that Todd has changed since their last meeting. Molly starts her life in the new environment like many women before her, by taking care of the household. Her husband was preoccupied with his job to notice that Molly felt unpleasant in the new environment. Instead of helping her to adapt to the new life, he becomes more and more distant, less talkative and absorbed by the machines in â€Å"his† powerhouse. After a while, Molly finds her calling as a local birth helper but, to her disappointment, her husband is disapproving towards her newly found occupation. He wants her to stay at home all day and to be like the other obedient wives without ever second questioning him in spite of his negligence towards her. In order to cope with her isolation she nevertheless decides that she must occupy herself in some way. She finally feels needed, something Todd does not understand nor desire. In the end it does not matter how Molly feels anyway because her husband has lost his mind after 3 years of living and breathing with the machines at the power house – he has â€Å"fallen in love† with them. In this story the gender roles and immigrant stereotypes have been turned upside-down. Not in the sense of male or female roles and duties but the fact that a local man, instead of a female immigrant, goes mad in the end distinguishes this story from others. There is a sharp delineation between the two possible approaches to the foreign territory. Since the machines have always been between Todd and the land, he has been unable to relate adequately to others. In his limited and confined existence he has, in the end, even gone insane. At the same time his wife discovers a personally satisfying role as a midwife in a French-Canadian community. Her productive approach thus carries her across apparent linguistic and cultural boundaries and across her isolation. (Pauly 1999, 64) In contrast to The Painted Door and The Lamp at Noon, where the female protagonists were the ones whose lives were destroyed by their actions out of isolation, loneliness and their dependency on their husbands, Molly, despite her inconvenient situation, lack of attention from her husband and her fear of loneliness, seemingly succeeds in overcoming the obstacles that were put in her way. By not taking the repressions of her husband any longer and deciding to pursue her own interests, Molly stands as a representative of a new feminist ideology which, however, can’t be compared with today’s notion of feminism as it had to undergo decades of changes and development to improve the roles and lives of women to the stage as we know them today. Unfortunately, women’s roles still differ very much. They strongly depend on the location, culture and religion the women live in. Classic gender roles were also turned upside-down in Isabella Valancy Crawford’s story Extradited. In it we find a â€Å"striking portrait of a petulant and narcissistic woman and her devastating examination of jealousy† (Stephenson and Byron 1993, 12). The protagonists of the story are Samuel â€Å"Sam† O’Dwyer, his wife Bessie, their baby and a man named Joe who was helping them on their farm. Sam and Joe quickly became very good and close friends. While reading the story one could even think that Sam, although twice of Joe’s age, might even hold deeper feelings for him (homoeroticism?). After a while, Bessie is annoyed by Sam’s admiration for Joe and as soon as she finds out that Joe is wanted by the police for a legal offence against his former employer and that there is a 1000$ reward for the one who catches him or turns him in, she immediately grabs the chance she considers to be the one that will ensure them a better life. However, after Joe’s heroically rescue of Sam’s and Bessie’s baby, and him drowning after saving it, Bessie, although informing the police of Joe’s whereabouts, stays without the reward but has inevitably to deal and live with her husband’s scorn as she has to bear the blame for a good man’s death. Bessie probably thought that she was doing the right thing. We would normally expect a man to act rational and women emotional at that time and place. However, in Sam’s and Bessie’s case it is the other way around. It is Sam who acts emotional, by wanting to protect Joe, and Bessie who acts rational, by wanting the reward in order to buy a new farm and within to pave the way for a better life for herself and her family. Therefore, it is the woman, not the man, who is a representative of realism, whereas the man can be seen as a romanticist. This example makes it clear that women were also aspiring beyond the domestic sphere and not on ly victims of their husbands’ arbitrariness. This stands in opposition to the naturalistic ideas of earlier eras where women had to stoically accept their traditional roles, i.e. teacher, maid, housewife, devoted mother, and had to sacrifice their own happiness for their children’s and/or husband’s sake. Women should repress their previous experiences and knowledge after getting married and were mostly appreciated as long as they kept their physical charms. In Canadian short fiction immigration is the process which, in many cases, causes isolation and alienation. It is a long and complex process as starting a life in a new country can be very difficult. The issues of immigration seem to have affected women particularly hard. In order to keep themselves sane and deal with the harsh realities that the early pioneers had to face, women, who mostly spent their time at home, wrote diaries. Susanna Moodie, who was one the most famous chroniclers of the early Canadian immigrant experience, was describing the negative aspects of environmental and social isolation among early immigrants in Roughing it in the Bush. Moodie’s sister Catharine Parr Traill even advised men to consult with their wives before emigrating to Canada as most immigrants were completely unprepared to live in such an unfriendly and unfamiliar environment. Brian, the protagonist of Moodie’s short story Brian the Still Hunter, is also, like Ellen from The Lamp at Noon and Ann from The Painted Door, a victim of isolation. However, the first and foremost reason for Brian’s isolation is alcoholism. As a result his extensive drinking has isolated him from society and even his own family. Alcohol has transformed him into an unpredictable character. This is why society treated him as an outsider. When Brian was drunk, he was not able to speak normally to anyone, not even his wife. Their relationship was put to the test due to ever-changing periods of guilt, shame and anger. He felt emotionally isolated, worthless, and he even attempted to commit suicide. He fails in this intention and matters get even worse for him. Afterwards he quits drinking and chooses physical isolation for himself instead. He is slowly falling into a state of insanity as he loiters about the land with only his dog by his side to keep him company. Many immigrants could not deal with the formidable reality which the Canadian landscape prepared for them and fell into a state of madness. Madness most commonly might have appeared due to some of the following reasons. It either developed as a consequence out of the confrontation between the ideas and lifestyles of the Old and the New World, or out of geographical and environmental differences (dangerous wilderness, plain and/or artic landscape). This new environment was not only dangerous to one’s physical but also psychical health. It was hard not to lose your identity while facing the limits of your capabilities and still keeping your sense of inner (subjective) and outer (objective) reality balanced. †¦while the plains sometimes provoked the outbreaks of insanities, the primary cause is often to be found elsewhere. These causes range from economic frustration, isolation from the people, frustration growing out of an inability to adapt, personal displacement and loss of identity, to guilt and isolation. All these are parts not only of a physical environment but of a mental landscape. Women’s nerves overstretched and they usually became depressed and silent whereas men more often turned to violence in order to act out their rage and frustration. In some cases these states were permanent, in others they were temporary and subsided after a finite period of time. (Pauly 1999, 53) Stories like The Lamp at Noon and The Old Woman can be best described as examples of â€Å"Pioneer Realism† and/or â€Å"Prairie Realism†. Besides Sinclair Ross, other prominent â€Å"Canadian† authors who dealt with the prairie experiences were Martha Ostenso, Laura Salverson and Frederic Philip Grove. In their works, these authors start their stories with a naà ¯ve or, we might even say, romanticized, view of the immigrants’ arrival to Canada. Later on, all become disillusioned by the setting and gradually alienated from their new home. These stories â€Å"generally include a ‘prairie patriarch’. [†¦] he is usually presented as a land-hungry, work-intoxicated tyrant. The farm women are subjugated, culturally and emotionally starved, and filled with a smouldering rebellion. All in all a fertile ground for conflict and all kinds of mental instabilities.† (Pauly 1999, 54) As an immigrant, your well-being will largely depend on your ability to adapt and deal with the given circumstances. Though those two stories are set in different locations, the first in a prairie and the latter in the Canadian North, both still are fictional stories dealing with the issues pioneers experienced when they first arrived and became aware of how dangerous it really was to be out of tune with the land. While some succumbed to the unknown and fled, lost their minds or even died, others luckily found other forms of distraction from the isolation which surrounded them, making their existence bearable. In continuation, other forms of dealing with the harsh realities of everyday life will be analyzed. These are the stories of escapement from the â€Å"sane† into a subjective â€Å"insane† world in order to survive. The protagonists of these stories are all isolated and alienated from other people, not necessarily because of an isolated landscape, but rather because of their dissimilarities. â€Å"[A]lineation is withdrawal from something – becoming strange and foreign to it, being put out or taking One’s self out and thereby becoming a stranger – separated. Since humans feel vulnerable when they are strangers, the emotional essence of alienation is fear and hostility† (Henry 1971, 105). The â€Å"sane† world can therefore be even seen as life-threatening to the â€Å"stranger† because all it wants to achieve is to isolate him even further and to destroy his reality. Ultimately, there are three choices a â€Å"stranger† can make. He can either let the â€Å"sane† world take over and destroy his very essence, he can protect himself by playing along, pretending to be someone else by acting out roles, or he can escape into his own reality where he alone decides what is right and wrong, what the truth is and what only illusion. Louise and Morrison, the protagonists of Margaret Atwood’s short story Polarities, are working colleagues in an unnamed dull city in the northwest. They came to this city because they could not find any other job elsewhere. Morrison finds this dullness rather irritating and the northern city a hard place to live in. Louise however claims that you just have to have â€Å"inner resources† to turn to when matters get tough. After some time, Louise started acting and talking strange. She would find meaning in things other people would not, as Morrison states: â€Å"she’s taken as real what the rest of us pretend is only metaphorical† (Atwood 1993, 69). Morrison more and more started to believe that there is something seriously wrong with Louise, as her strange behavior is not to be ascribed to fatigue or the abuse of substances, a fact another colleague also acknowledges. Morrison and Paul, the other co-worked, eventually agree that it would be best for Louise to be institutionalized. Nevertheless, Louise almost convinces the doctors that she is perfectly fine but she eventually makes a mistake and they decide to keep her hospitalized. After spending some time in the hospital, Louise’s intelligence begins to deteriorate due to the extensive amount of drugs she was forced to take. She almost stopped talking to anyone and it was obvious that she suffered tremendously, especially on the inside. It seems that before she had been taken to the mental hospital she was a little strange but nevertheless managed to get along in everyday life. All that remained now of Louise was an empty shell as she became only a shadow of her former self. Margaret Gibson was another author who wrote about oversensitive people unable to live in a â€Å"normal† society. Due to her mental state, she was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, she could relate to and identify with her writing as few authors before her. Nevertheless, she claimed that her works are not autobiographical. In her collection of short stories entitled The Butterfly Ward, she tried to explore the boundaries of sanity and insanity. Her own experiences as an outsider gave her the opportunity and ability to present a â€Å"stranger’s world† in a unique and exciting way. It is important to recognize at the outset that Gibson’s primary concern in relation to the theme of madness is with the responses to mental illness, rather than with its causes or manifestations. While she clearly does not neglect the latter issues, her writing often focuses upon the ways in which those categorized as mentally ill and those assigning the label respond to the condition. (Pauly 1999, 106) Her short stories The Butterfly Ward, Making it, Ada and Considering Her Condition are great examples of her writing creativity.   In the beginning of The Butterfly Ward we are introduced to Kira, the story’s heroine, who is staying at a hospital and is undergoing various extremely painful and brutal tests and examinations in order to determine what is causing her mental â€Å"condition†. As the story progresses, we get a glimpse of her earlier life. Before being admitted to the hospital, she worked in a home for mentally challenged children. Unfortunately, she had a very ambitious mother who dreamt of a better life for her and her daughter in Russia. Her mother is convinced that Kira’s occupation does not suit her and that she would be better of studying at a university. Kira becomes a victim of her mother’s ambition and pressure under which she, eventually, collapses. She is still aware of her surroundings but nevertheless decides to live her life in her own fantasy world which she considers a better place than the real world where she is being locked up and heavily medicated. The protagonist of Gibson’s story Ada is a girl of the same name as the title and who is, like Kira, residing in a mental hospital. As the story unfolds, it becomes obvious that the patients of this institution are being heavily mistreated and denied any basic human rights. The only visitor Ada has is her mother. Although we might think that her mother would like to help her to get out of the hospital as soon as possible, she does not show any genuine intentions of helping or understanding her daughter in her need. After some time, Ada realized that she cannot expect any help from anyone, and denies her mother, and other family members, visits because they do not understand her. More and more she drives herself into isolation from others and even from her own feelings. Ultimately, her isolation causes her to lose touch with reality entirely –so we might think. When another â€Å"inmate† joins the group at the asylum, the patients are presented as seemingly smarter than their doctors, as they are easily able to manipulate with them as in the case of Alice. However, Ada and her best friend Jenny manage to escape their isolation but must pay a very high price for it. Jenny, who wanted to protect Ada from Alice’s abuses, stands up against Alice and within she awakens Ada from her inner retreat. By later killing Alice, Ada awakens from her mental slumber and ends her child-like existence. Nevertheless, it can be argued that Ada’s retreat in her own world was, in fact, her strategy to survive in a depressive and live-threatening environment such as the mental asylum where normality of patients (their thoughts, emotions, actions) is considered as something abnormal. For Gibson, therefore, abnormality can be seen as the only way to survive in an inhuman and egoistic world. A similar story to Ada is Making It where the protagonists Liza, a schizophrenic, and Robin, a male homosexual transvestite, try to make something of their lives. Both of them try to hide their true nature because if they would not they would be considered as outcasts in a society intolerant of â€Å"crazy† people. Although they desperately want to fight society’s categorizations and prove them wrong, they are, nevertheless, unable to do so. Liza, who becomes pregnant, sees her baby as her own way of â€Å"making it† out of her troubles. Robin, on the other hand, sees his â€Å"salvation† in becoming a famous women impersonator in California’s entertainment industry. They are convinced that motherhood for her and fame for him will make them â€Å"normal† in the eyes of society. In the end of the story the two once again decide to live together like a regular, but in their case platonic, couple. Robin even rejects the men of his dreams in order to be able to help Liza to live a â€Å"normal† life. Unfortunately, happiness stays out of reach for them as they, after Liza’s baby was born dead, once again fall into isolation and feel alienated from society. Although considered abnormal, Robin and Liza’s feelings of belonging, friendship, helpfulness and love for one another are something we would have trouble finding in the â€Å"normal† world. For Gibson, we, the â€Å"sane† readers, are the ones who make existence for people like her protagonists unbearable and force them into isolation and self-destruction. In Considering her Condition, it is a man named Steven who drives his wife Clare into suicide after she gave birth to their baby son. Steven is a very suppressive, bossy and egoistic character. Clare never even wanted children but after Steven persuaded her it becomes clear that he never thought about what is best for her but rather what is best for him. Later in the story we get to know that Steven already has a child but has no contact with her anymore. When Clare was pregnant, Steven became obsessed with the baby and did not care much about his wife anymore. He even denied Clare her right to chose abortion despite the doctor’s advice to terminate the pregnancy. Claire must suffer enormously just to fulfill his desires and wishes. Gibson gives us a picture of how married couples’ lives can be destroyed by polarities and traditional gender-roles. Steven will not let Clare have her own life and she does not have the strength to fight his demands. Her suicide is the only action she can realize out of her own will. Not even her death affects Steven as he never though of her being more than a subordinate wife and the mother of his children. Considering her Condition can be seen as Gibson’s strong critique against a society that denies women their right to choose their own way of living and thinking and breaks their spirits by taking away their desires, pride and self-esteem. The analyzed stories in The Butterfly Ward: †¦focus upon individuals who have become objects of scrutiny to others. These others, †¦ , exercise a great deal of power over those who have failed to adapt to the expectations and demands of normal society. First and foremost among those strategies is simple observation. Whether an individual is labeled paranoid or simply maladjusted, the effect is similar. The individual ends up excluded from normal existence and confined within another territory. The responses of those thus observed, excluded, isolated and confined are various, but all, in some way, reveal attempts to escape this condition. (Pauly 1999, 116) Not only individuals can suffer tremendously under the influence of isolation but also whole communities. In W.D. Valgardson’s story Bloodflowers â€Å"the setting seems to imply that even today, people will tend to resort to primitive rituals when isolated and severely tried by living conditions† (Neijmann 1996, 311). It is the story of a young teacher named Danny who moves to an isolated island, called Black Island, where superstition is still widely spread among the island’s local community. Danny at first just wants to witness an ancient local fertility ritual taking place annually on the island. The ritual consists of sacrificing a man in order to conclude any misfortunes that have happened in the past year and might continue into the next one. Unfortunately for Danny, as misfortunes continue to happen, the locals consider him to be the cause of disturbance and they decide to sacrifice him in order to save themselves from further harm. It seems as if the local people are not having any trouble â€Å"justifying† the murders they have committed with superstition. In this story, where Valgardson makes extensive use of irony, we get to see the serious consequences (misunderstandings) that may occur when different or conflicting cultures cross paths. In Rudy Wiebe’s Where is the Voice Coming From?, the notions of isolation and alienation can be ascribed to the native Canadian inhabitants. The isolation of the indigenous (ethnic) voice and the question of a â€Å"Canadian identity†, by this I mean telling the other side of Canadian history (of the aboriginal inhabitants) too, are issues Wiebe tries to address. Its most prominent themes would have to be the social and cultural injustices and consequently isolation and alienation suffered by the indigenous people after the European settlers have taken over their lands. In conclusion it can be said that people were often driven mad by loneliness and isolation and some even saw death as their only means of escaping it. Others, who also lived in isolation, developed psychotic behaviors which not only made them self-destructive but also a threat to others. Taking into consideration all of the authors and their stories that deal with the themes and motifs of isolation, alienation, loneliness and madness, one cannot fail to observe that isolation has an extremely negative effect upon the development of the individual’s character in Canadian short fiction and probably also Canadian literature in general. Works Cited: Atwood, Margaret. Dancing Girls and Other Stories. New York: Bantam Books, 1993. Esterhammer, Angela. â€Å"†Can’t See Life for Illusions†: The Problematic Realism of Sinclair Ross.† In From the Heart of the Heartland, edited by John Moss, 15-24. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1992. Gibson, Margaret. The Butterfly Ward. Ottawa: Oberon Press, 1976. Henry, Jules. Pathways to Madness. New York: Random House, 1971. Marshall, Joyce. â€Å"The Old Woman.† In The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories in English. Margaret Atwood and Robert Weaver, eds., 92-103. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Moodie, Susanna. Roughing it in the Bush, Or, Life in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1998. Neijmann, Daisy L. The Icelandic Voice in Canadian Letters: The Contribution of Icelandic – Canadian Writers to Canadian Literature. Montreal: McGill – Queens Press, 1996. Pauly, Susanne. Madness in English-Canadian Fiction. Ph.D. dissertation. Trier: University of Trier, 1999. Ross, Sinclair. â€Å"The Lamp at Noon.† In The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories in English. Margaret Atwood and Robert Weaver, eds. 72-81. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Ross, Sinclar. â€Å"The Painted Door.† In The Faber Book of Contemporary Canadian Short Stories, edited by Michael Ondaatje. London: Faber and Faber, 1990. Stephanson, Glennis and Glennis Byron, eds. â€Å"Introduction†. Nineteenth-Century Stories by Women: An Anthology, 9-22. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1993. Stouck, David. As for Sinclair Ross. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. Valancy Crawford, Isabella. â€Å"Extradited.† In The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories in English. Margaret Atwood and Robert Weaver, eds. 1-11. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Valgardson, W.D. â€Å"Bloodflowers.† The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories in English. Margaret Atwood and Robert Weaver, eds., 316-332. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Wiebe, Rudy. â€Å"Where is the Voice Coming From?† The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories in English. Margaret Atwood and Robert Weaver, eds., 270-279. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. â€Å"The Painter Door – A Canadian Short Story.† Term papers for students. http://www.essaysample.com/essay/002994.html (accessed August 8, 2008).